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The destruction of the temple was interpreted by early Christians as the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy that the temple would be destroyed (in Matthew 24, Luke 21, Mark 13); [333] [334] [335] More broadly, it was seen as a divine sign marking the end of the Mosaic covenant, [336] which was believed to have been superseded by Jesus' atoning ...
The temple complex of Roman Heliopolis (now Baalbek). Phoenicia under Roman rule describes the Phoenician city states (in the area of modern Lebanon, coastal Syria, the northern part of Galilee, Acre and the Northern Coastal Plain) ruled by Rome from 64 BCE to the Muslim conquests of the 7th century.
Knowledge of the Phoenicians at this time was confined to the ancient Greco-Roman sources. Scholarly interest increased in 1758, when Jean-Jacques Barthélémy deciphered the Phoenician alphabet , [ 8 ] and the number of known Phoenician inscriptions began to increase – the 1694 publication of the Cippi of Melqart was the first Phoenician ...
The resulting First Jewish–Roman War ended in 70 CE when the legions of the Roman general Titus surrounded and eventually captured Jerusalem; [24] the city and the temple were razed to the ground, and the only habitation on the site until the first third of the next century was a Roman military camp. [25]
The Zealots still maintained control of the temple compound and the upper city, but on Tisha B'Av (August 10) 70 CE, Roman forces overwhelmed the defenders and set fire to the temple. Jewish resistance continued but a month later the upper city was taken as well and the entire city burnt to the ground, save for the three towers of the Herodian ...
In around 508 BC Carthage and Rome signed a treaty to keep their commercial planes separate from each other. Carthage focused on growing their population by taking in Phoenicians colonies and soon began controlling Libyan, African, and Roman colonies. Many Phoenician cities also had to pay or support the Carthaginian troops.
Phoenician art was largely centered on ornamental objects, particularly jewelry, pottery, glassware, and reliefs. Large sculptures were rare; figurines were more common. Phoenician goods have been found from Spain and Morocco to Russia and Iraq; much of what is known about Phoenician art is based on excavations outside Phoenicia proper.
An inscription written in Greek and Latin gives Jupiter the Phoenician epithet "Baal". [17] Roman coin minted in Berytus [18] Berytus had a monumental "Roman Gate" with huge walls (recently discovered [19]) and was a trade center of silk and wine production, well connected by efficient Roman roads to Heliopolis and Caesarea.