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The term ordinary Hall effect can be used to distinguish the effect described in the introduction from a related effect which occurs across a void or hole in a semiconductor or metal plate when current is injected via contacts that lie on the boundary or edge of the void. The charge then flows outside the void, within the metal or semiconductor ...
The quantum Hall effect is referred to as the integer or fractional quantum Hall effect depending on whether ν is an integer or fraction, respectively. The striking feature of the integer quantum Hall effect is the persistence of the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied.
The term "spin Hall effect" was introduced by Hirsch [5] who re-predicted this effect in 1999. Experimentally, the (direct) spin Hall effect was observed in semiconductors [ 6 ] [ 7 ] more than 30 years after the original prediction.
The result of the measurement is called the "Hall mobility" (meaning "mobility inferred from a Hall-effect measurement"). Consider a semiconductor sample with a rectangular cross section as shown in the figures, a current is flowing in the x-direction and a magnetic field is applied in the z-direction.
Aside from being in practically every semiconductor device in use today, two dimensional systems allow access to interesting physics. The quantum Hall effect was first observed in a 2DEG, [9] which led to two Nobel Prizes in physics, of Klaus von Klitzing in 1985, [10] and of Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui in 1998. [11]
[1] [2] DHEM is based on the previously developed Differential Hall Effect (DHE) method. [3] In the traditional DHE method, successive sheet resistance and Hall effect measurements on a semiconductor layer are made using Van der Pauw [4] and Hall effect [5] techniques. The thickness of the layer is reduced through successive processing steps in ...
The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance. The quantum spin Hall state of matter is the cousin of the integer quantum Hall state, and that does not require the application of a large magnetic field.
Hall effect magnetometers (also called tesla meters or gauss meters) use a Hall probe [23] with a Hall element to measure magnetic fields or inspect materials (such as tubing or pipelines) using the principles of magnetic flux leakage. A Hall probe is a device that uses a calibrated Hall effect sensor to directly measure the strength of a ...