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The Doughnut, or Doughnut economics, is a visual framework for sustainable development – shaped like a doughnut or lifebelt – combining the concept of planetary boundaries with the complementary concept of social boundaries. [1] The name derives from the shape of the diagram, i.e. a disc with a hole in the middle.
The hole or inner ring of the doughnut represents the space where those who lack the minimum requirement for leading a good life, reside. These minimum requirements are based on the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs). [3] The outer ring of the doughnut "represents the ecological ceiling drawn up by earth-system scientists".
Kate Raworth (born 13 December 1970) is an English economist known for "doughnut economics", an economic model that balances between essential human needs and planetary boundaries. [1] Raworth is senior associate at Oxford University’s Environmental Change Institute and a Professor of Practice at Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences.
Another example of a model in ecological economics is the doughnut model from economist Kate Raworth. This macroeconomic model includes planetary boundaries, like climate change into its model. These macroeconomic models from ecological economics, although more popular, are not fully accepted by mainstream economic thinking.
An example of real GDP (y) plotted against time (x). Often time is denoted as t instead of x . The IS curve moves to the right if spending plans at any potential interest rate go up, causing the new equilibrium to have higher interest rates (i) and expansion in the "real" economy (real GDP, or Y).
Economists commonly use the term recession to mean either a period of two successive calendar quarters each having negative growth [clarification needed] of real gross domestic product [1] [2] [3] —that is, of the total amount of goods and services produced within a country—or that provided by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER): "...a significant decline in economic activity ...
The donut hole is closed, ... Just to make things more confusing, most plans aren't standard designs, Norris says. Before you reach the coverage gap, there may be other parameters for how plans ...
Circular business models, as the economic model more broadly, can have different emphases and various objectives, for example: extend the life of materials and products, where possible over multiple 'use cycles'; use a 'waste = food' approach to help recover materials, and ensure those biological materials returned to earth are benign, not ...