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Interstitial fluid forms at the arterial (coming from the heart) end of capillaries because of the higher pressure of blood compared to veins, and most of it returns to its venous ends and venules; the rest (up to 10%) enters the lymph capillaries as lymph. [4] (Prior to entry, this fluid is referred to as the lymph obligatory load, or LOL, as ...
The fluid bathes the tissues as interstitial fluid, collecting waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells, and then drains as lymph into the lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic vessels. These vessels carry the lymph throughout the body, passing through numerous lymph nodes which filter out unwanted materials such as bacteria and damaged cells.
Lymph capillaries or lymphatic capillaries are tiny, thin-walled microvessels located in the spaces between cells (except in the central nervous system and non-vascular tissues) which serve to drain and process extracellular fluid. Upon entering the lumen of a lymphatic capillary, the collected fluid is known as lymph.
The lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and exits via an efferent lymph vessel. An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts, or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel. [6] Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the subclavian veins
Labeled diagram of human lymph node showing the flow of lymph Afferent and efferent vessels. Lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node through multiple afferent lymphatic vessels, which form a network of lymphatic vessels (Latin: plexus) and flows into a space (Latin: sinus) underneath the capsule called the subcapsular sinus.
Diagram showing parts of the body that drain into the right lymphatic duct. The right duct drains lymph fluid from: the upper right section of the trunk, (right thoracic cavity, via the right bronchomediastinal trunk) [1] the right arm (via the right subclavian trunk) [1] and right side of the head and neck (via the right jugular trunk) [1]
Formation of interstitial fluid from blood Diagram showing the formation of lymph from interstitial fluid (labeled here as "tissue fluid"). The tissue fluid is entering the blind ends of lymph capillaries (shown as deep green arrows). The arterial blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph interact at the level of the blood capillaries.
The immune system consists of the white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes and lymph channels, which are also part of the lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as ...