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The study of plant response in space environments is another subject of astrobotany research. In space, plants encounter unique environmental stressors not found on Earth including microgravity, ionizing radiation, and oxidative stress. [23] Experiments have shown that these stressors cause genetic alterations in plant metabolism pathways.
Zinnia plant in bloom aboard an Earth orbiting space station. The growth of plants in outer space has elicited much scientific interest. [1] In the late 20th and early 21st century, plants were often taken into space in low Earth orbit to be grown in a weightless but pressurized controlled environment, sometimes called space gardens. [1]
The NASA Vegetable Production System, "Veggie," is a deployable unit which aims to produce salad-type crops aboard the International Space Station. [ 17 ] The 2019 lunar lander Chang'e 4 carries the Lunar Micro Ecosystem, [ 18 ] a 3 kg (6.6 lb) sealed "biosphere" cylinder 18 cm long and 16 cm in diameter with seeds and insect eggs to test ...
Cabbage growing in a Veggie unit [1]. The Vegetable Production System (Veggie) is a plant growth system developed and used by NASA in space environments. The purpose of Veggie is to provide a self-sufficient and sustainable food source for astronauts as well as a means of recreation and relaxation through therapeutic gardening. [2]
Since the release of the initial 1989 study, titled A study of interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement: An Interim Report, [6] further research has been done including a 1993 paper [7] and 1996 book [8] by B. C. Wolverton, the primary researcher on the original NASA study, that listed additional plants and focused on the removal of specific chemicals.
This corresponds to an average flux of 0.087 W/m 2 and represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, being dwarfed by the 173 000 TW of incoming solar radiation. [13] Human production of energy is even lower at an average 18 TW, corresponding to an estimated 160,000 TW-hr, for all of year 2019. [14]
Terrestrial plants, on the other hand, grow slowly and expend much of the energy derived from primary production on their own respiration, resulting in much smaller P/B ratios of between 0.5 and 2.0. [6] Secondary production at sea tends to be more efficient as well, with up to a 15% transfer efficiency between trophic levels.
One of the outcomes of plant reproduction is the generation of seeds, spores, and fruits [13] that allow plants to move to new locations or new habitats. [14] Plants do not have nervous systems or any will for their actions. Even so, scientists are able to observe mechanisms that help their offspring thrive as they grow.