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Artificial light at night is one of the most obvious physical changes that humans have made to the biosphere, and is the easiest form of pollution to observe from space. [297] The main environmental impacts of artificial light are due to light's use as an information source (rather than an energy source).
The Global Carbon Project shows how additions to CO 2 since 1880 have been caused by different sources ramping up one after another. Global human-caused greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were equivalent to 59 billion tonnes of CO 2. Of these emissions, 75% was CO 2, 18% was methane, 4% was nitrous oxide, and 2% was fluorinated gases. [111]
The social progress of a society can be measured based on factors such as its ability to address fundamental human needs, help citizens improve their quality of life, and provide opportunities for citizens to succeed. [11] Social progress is often improved by increases in GDP, although other factors are also relevant.
With this in mind, economic development is typically associated with improvements in a variety of areas or indicators (such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates), that may be causes of economic development rather than consequences of specific economic development programs. For example, health and education improvements have ...
A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.It is a concept in the philosophy of science that was introduced and brought into the common lexicon by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn.
The inert components of an ecosystem are the physical and chemical factors necessary for life—energy (sunlight or chemical energy), water, heat, atmosphere, gravity, nutrients, and ultraviolet solar radiation protection. [109] In most ecosystems, the conditions vary during the day and from one season to the next.
Marx's lifetime collaborator, Friedrich Engels, coined the term "historical materialism" and described it as "that view of the course of history which seeks the ultimate cause and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, in the ...
Other organizations, however, may also work towards improved global quality of life using a slightly different definition and substantially different methods. Many NGOs do not focus at all on reducing poverty on a national or international scale, but rather attempt to improve the quality of life for individuals or communities. One example would ...