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A sudden fail-open fault can cause multiple secondary failures if it is fast and the circuit contains an inductance; this causes large voltage spikes, which may exceed 500 volts. A broken metallisation on a chip may thus cause secondary overvoltage damage. [1] Thermal runaway can cause sudden failures including melting, fire or explosions.
Metal-oxide varistor manufactured by Siemens & Halske AG. Modern varistor schematic symbol, which is the same as a thermistor symbol [1]. A varistor (a.k.a. voltage-dependent resistor (VDR)) is a surge protecting electronic component with an electrical resistance that varies with the applied voltage. [2]
A fuse is a common type of circuit breaker that involves direct effect of Joule-overheating. A fuse is always placed in series with the path of current it will affect. Fuses usually consist of a thin strand of wire of definite-material. When more that the rated current flows through the fuse, the wire melts and breaks the circuit.
Lack of 3-phase electric system connected by star. If neutral breaks off, small-power appliances will be destroyed by overvoltage. Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated.
A transient-voltage-suppression diode can respond to over-voltages faster than other common over-voltage protection components such as varistors or gas discharge tubes. The actual clamping occurs in roughly one picosecond, but in a practical circuit the inductance of the wires leading to the device imposes a higher limit. This makes transient ...
The high temperatures can also cause the contact metals to more rapidly oxidize and corrode. Contacts reach end of life for one of two reasons. Either the contacts fail to BREAK because they are stuck (welded) closed, or the contacts fail to make (high resistance) because of contact corrosion or because excessive material is lost from one or ...
Botulism can cause double or blurred vision, slurred speech, drooping eyelids and difficulty swallowing or breathing. As symptoms progress, the muscles become progressively weakened.
Diagram of a simple circuit with an inductance L and a flyback diode D.The resistor R represents the resistance of the inductor's windings. A flyback diode is any diode connected across an inductor used to eliminate flyback, which is the sudden voltage spike seen across an inductive load when its supply current is suddenly reduced or interrupted.