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  2. Soyuz (spacecraft) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)

    Soyuz (Russian: Союз, IPA:, lit. 'Union') is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia).

  3. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky

    Here Tsiolkovsky evaluated the work needed to overcome the force of gravity, determined the speed needed to propel the device into the solar system ("escape velocity"), and examined calculation of flight time. The publication of this article made a splash in the scientific world, and Tsiolkovsky found many friends among his fellow scientists.

  4. Voskhod Spacecraft "Globus" IMP navigation instrument

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod_Spacecraft_"Globus...

    The Voskhod spacecraft—and its Globus IMP instruments—is a close derivative of Vostok, which flew six Soviet individuals to low Earth orbit, including the world's first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, and the world's first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova. The main difference between IMP versions 1 and 2 (Vostok spacecraft) and later ...

  5. Zvezda (ISS module) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)

    The module was manufactured in the USSR by Energia, with major sub-contracting work by GKNPTs Khrunichev. [10] Zvezda was launched on a Proton launch vehicle on 12 July 2000, and docked with the Zarya module on 26 July 2000 at 01:45 UTC. It is a descendant of the Salyut programme's DOS spacecraft, leading to the alternate name, DOS-8.

  6. Soyuz programme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme

    Soyuz crewed missions were the only spacecraft visiting the International Space Station, starting from when the Space Shuttle program ended in 2011, until the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 on 30 May 2020. [14] [15] The International Space Station always has at least one Soyuz spacecraft docked at all times for use as an escape craft. [16] [17]

  7. Vostok (spacecraft) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)

    Vostok (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a class of single-pilot crewed spacecraft built by the Soviet Union. The first human spaceflight was accomplished with Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. The Vostok programme made six crewed spaceflights from 1961 through

  8. Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_186_and_Kosmos_188

    The two craft remained mechanically docked for three and a half hours, although an electrical connection could not be made. The descent module of Kosmos 186 was successfully recovered in the Soviet Union on 31 October 1967, but the accidental firing of the self-destruct mechanism of Kosmos 188 during the descent prevented its recovery on 2 ...

  9. Spacecraft - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft

    A spacecraft is a vehicle that is designed to fly and operate in outer space. [1] Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo.