Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis .
Basic hydrolysis of esters, known as saponification, is not an equilibrium process; a full equivalent of base is consumed in the reaction, which produces one equivalent of alcohol and one equivalent of a carboxylate salt. The saponification of esters of fatty acids is an industrially important process, used in the production of soap. [24]
The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. In 1790, Nicolas Leblanc discovered how to make alkali from common salt. [27] Andrew Pears started making a high-quality, transparent soap, Pears soap, in 1807 in London. [53] His son-in-law, Thomas J. Barratt, became the brand manager (the first of its kind) for Pears in 1865. [54]
Through the process of saponification, fats (like tallow, pig, and bone fats) or vegetable oils react with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerin. [1] The resulting mixture is known as soft soap [ broken anchor ] , which serves as a precursor for hard soap production.
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy (in 1840) in the saponification of palm oil, which process remains today the primary industrial route for producing the acid. [13] Triglycerides (fats) in palm oil are hydrolysed by high-temperature water and the resulting mixture is fractionally distilled. [14]
Steroid glycosides are saponins with 27-C atoms. [4] They are modified triterpenoids where their aglycone is a steroid, these compounds typically consist of a steroid aglycone attached to one or more sugar molecules, which can have various biological activities.
Sodium stearate is produced as a major component of soap upon saponification of oils and fats. The percentage of the sodium stearate depends on the ingredient fats. Tallow is especially high in stearic acid content (as the triglyceride), whereas most fats only contain a few percent. The idealized equation for the formation of sodium stearate ...
In experiments at Stoke Prior, Gossage discovered that surface area, not volume, was the key to absorption (it is likely that he collaborated with Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, who came to the same conclusion at about the same time in 1820s-1830s). He filled an old windmill with twigs and brushwood, and ran a trickle of water over the twigs.