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  2. Astigmatism (optical systems) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism_(optical_systems)

    An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different foci. If an optical system with astigmatism is used to form an image of a cross, the vertical and horizontal lines will be in sharp focus at two different distances. The term comes from the Greek α- ( a-) meaning "without" and ...

  3. Astigmatism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism

    Three treatment options are available: glasses, contact lenses, and surgery. Glasses are the simplest. Contact lenses can provide a wider field of vision and fewer artifacts than even double aspheric lenses. Refractive surgery aims to permanently change the shape of the eye and thereby cure astigmatism.

  4. Refractive error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error

    The multifocal lenses can correct defective vision in multiple focus, for example: near-vision as well as far-vision. This are particularly beneficial for presbyobia. Contact lenses. Alternatively, many people choose to wear contact lenses. One style is hard contact lenses, which can distort the shape of the cornea to a desired shape.

  5. Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_long-term...

    Long-term contact lens use can lead to alterations in corneal thickness, stromal thickness, curvature, corneal sensitivity, cell density, and epithelial oxygen uptake, etc. Other changes may include the formation of epithelial vacuoles and microcysts (containing cellular debris) as well as the emergence of polymegethism in the corneal endothelium.

  6. List of soft contact lens materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soft_contact_lens...

    The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines soft contact lenses as: made of soft, flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. Soft contact lenses may be easier to adjust to and are more comfortable than rigid gas permeable lenses. Newer soft lens materials include silicone-hydrogels to provide more oxygen to your ...

  7. Refractive surgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_surgery

    AK is often used for the correction of high post-keratoplasty astigmatism or post-cataract surgery astigmatism. Limbal relaxing incisions (LRI) are incisions near the outer edge of the iris, used to correct minor astigmatism (typically less than 2 diopters). This is often performed in conjunction with an Intraocular Lens implantation.

  8. Aberrations of the eye - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberrations_of_the_eye

    Spherical aberration is the cause of night myopia and is commonly increased after myopic LASIK and surface ablation. It results in halos around point images. Spherical aberration exacerbates myopia in low light (night myopia). In brighter conditions, the pupil constricts, blocking the more peripheral rays and minimizing the effect of spherical ...

  9. Jackson cross cylinder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_cross_cylinder

    Astigmatism. Based on. circle of confusion. The Jackson cross cylinder ( JCC) is an instrument used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists in their routine eye examination, particularly in determination of corrective lens power in patients with astigmatism. It is also used for testing near point of the eye.

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