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Emphysema is a respiratory disease of the lower respiratory tract. [7] It is commonly caused by tobacco smoking but some people are affected who have never smoked. [14] The presence of emphysema is a clear risk factor for lung cancer, made stronger in those who smoke. [20] Early symptoms of emphysema vary.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
Patients may watch for symptoms, such as shortness of breath, change in character or amount of mucus, and start self-treatment as discussed with a health care provider. This allows for treatment right away until a doctor can be seen. [5] The symptoms of acute exacerbations are treated using short-acting bronchodilators.
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a collection of air outside of the normal air space of the pulmonary alveoli, found instead inside the connective tissue of the peribronchovascular sheaths, interlobular septa, and visceral pleura. (This supportive tissue is called the pulmonary interstitium.)
Other causes of pulmonary edema that require rapid intervention and should be considered first include fluid overload, brain injury, and anaphylaxis. If when considering these differentials, there is no evidence for administration of excessive fluids, no focal signs suggesting a brain injury, and so signs of allergic reaction, one can then ...
Although COPD shares similar characteristics with all other obstructive lung diseases, such as the signs of coughing and wheezing, they are distinct conditions in terms of disease onset, frequency of symptoms, and reversibility of airway obstruction. [1] Cystic fibrosis is also sometimes included in obstructive pulmonary disease. [2]
Hoover's sign in pulmonology is one of two signs named for Charles Franklin Hoover. [1]It refers to inward movement of the lower rib cage during inspiration, [2] - instead of outward as is normal - implying a flat, but functioning, diaphragm, often associated with COPD. [3]
End stage pulmonary disease (ESPD) [2] is the result of chronic progressive lung diseases like COPD, [3] idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or systemic progressive diseases that affect the lungs such as cystic fibrosis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis. It is defined as when the lungs can no longer or barely remove enough carbon dioxide or supply ...
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