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  2. Stokes parameters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_parameters

    The Stokes I, Q, U and V parameters. The Stokes parameters are a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation.They were defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, [1] [2] as a mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation in terms of its total intensity (I), (fractional) degree of ...

  3. Circular polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization

    Circular polarization is often encountered in the field of optics and, in this section, the electromagnetic wave will be simply referred to as light. The nature of circular polarization and its relationship to other polarizations is often understood by thinking of the electric field as being divided into two components that are perpendicular to ...

  4. Polarization (waves) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)

    Circular polarization can be created by sending linearly polarized light through a quarter-wave plate oriented at 45° to the linear polarization to create two components of the same amplitude with the required phase shift. The superposition of the original and phase-shifted components causes a rotating electric field vector, which is depicted ...

  5. Optical rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rotation

    Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials. Circular birefringence and circular dichroism are the manifestations of optical activity.

  6. Polarization (cosmology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(cosmology)

    [25] For measurements, the first step is the measurement of standard Stokes parameters Q and U. In general, the polarization of monochromatic light is completely described via four Stokes parameters, which form a (non-orthonormal) vector space when the various waves are incoherent. For light propagating in the z direction, with electric field:

  7. Photon polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_polarization

    Photon polarization is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave.An individual photon can be described as having right or left circular polarization, or a superposition of the two.

  8. Polarization scrambling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_scrambling

    Polarization scrambling, also for the variation of polarization mode dispersion, is a mandatory test procedure for fiber optic data transmission systems based on polarization-division multiplexing. Polarization scramblers usually vary the normalized Stokes vector of the polarization state over the entire Poincaré sphere .

  9. Mueller calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_calculus

    Mueller calculus is a matrix method for manipulating Stokes vectors, which represent the polarization of light. It was developed in 1943 by Hans Mueller. In this technique, the effect of a particular optical element is represented by a Mueller matrix—a 4×4 matrix that is an overlapping generalization of the Jones matrix.