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In his book City Economics, Brendan O'Flaherty asserts "Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages". [7] O'Flaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale , which are concepts usually associated with businesses .
The City in southern history: The growth of urban civilization in the South (1977) Conn, Steven. Americans against the City: Anti-urbanism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford University Press, 2014) Douglass, Harlan Paul. 1000 city churches: Phases of adaptation to urban environment (1926) online free. Friss, Evan.
Urban evolution can be caused by non-random mating, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, or evolution by natural selection. [1] In the context of Earth's living history, rapid urbanization is a relatively recent phenomenon, yet biologists have already observed evolutionary change in numerous species compared to their rural counterparts on a ...
Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes, 1915; The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, 1960; The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, 1961; The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs, 1961; The City in History, Lewis Mumford, 1961; The City is the Frontier, Charles Abrams, Harper & Row Publishing, New York, 1965.
The Hingham Historical Society's sixth annual lecture series "Suburbia: The American Dream" will cover the history and future of American suburbs.
Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, The City in History (1961). [5] Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).
This article lists the largest human settlements in the world (by population) over time, as estimated by historians, from 7000 BC when the largest human settlement was a proto-city in the ancient Near East with a population of about 1,000–2,000 people, to the year 2000 when the largest human settlement was Tokyo with 26 million.
In point of size the first cities must have been more extensive and more densely populated than any previous settlements. In composition and function the urban population already differed from that of any village … full-time specialist craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials and priests.