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Informal social control, or the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws, includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups. [1]
Another early form of the theory was proposed by Reiss (1951) [3] who defined delinquency as, "...behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls." ." Personal control was defined as, "...the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community" while social control was, "...the ability of social groups or ...
Through both informal and formal means, individuals and groups exercise social control both internally and externally. As an area of social science , social control is studied by researchers of various fields, including anthropology , criminology , law , political science , and sociology .
Many claim that informal social control can be an effective strategy to reduce unruly behavior. Garland (2001) expresses that "community policing measures in the realization that informal social control exercised through everyday relationships and institutions is more effective than legal sanctions."
Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, political scientists, economists, legal sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social workers, biologists, social anthropologists, scholars of law and jurisprudence, as well as the ...
"The Standard of Deferred Payments," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 3, Nov. 1892. "A New Canon of Taxation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 4, Dec. 1892. "Seligman's 'Shifting and Incidence of Taxation'," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 3, Jan. 1893.
Federal workers responsible for America's nuclear weapons, scientists trying to fight a worsening outbreak of bird flu, and officials responsible for supplying electricity are among those who have ...
According to this "social cohesion" view, relationships between people can make crime more likely, which is the opposite argument to that made by proponents of collective efficacy theory. The "social cohesion" argument is supported by a study undertaken in Chicago that shows that trust and cooperation are less likely to reduce crime in ...