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Beyond philosophy, its applications include the use of ontologies in artificial intelligence, economics, and sociology to classify entities. [22] In psychiatry and medicine, it examines the metaphysical status of diseases. [23] Meta-metaphysics [d] is the metatheory of metaphysics and investigates the nature and methods of metaphysics. It ...
Plato's "metaphysics" is understood as Socrates' division of reality into the warring and irreconcilable domains of the material and the spiritual. Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) – Student of Plato. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, including metaphysics.
This is a list of metaphysicians, philosophers who specialize in metaphysics. See also Lists of philosophers . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness.
Many of Aristotle's works are extremely compressed, and many scholars believe that in their current form, they are likely lecture notes. [2] Subsequent to the arrangement of Aristotle's works by Andronicus of Rhodes in the first century BC, a number of his treatises were referred to as the writings "after ("meta") the Physics" [b], the origin of the current title for the collection Metaphysics.
Philosophical realism—usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters—is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a ...
Aristotle was a major figure in ancient philosophy and developed a comprehensive system of thought including metaphysics, logic, ethics, politics, and natural science. [ 42 ] Western philosophy originated in Ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE with the pre-Socratics .
Christian Wolff had theoretical philosophy divided into an ontology or philosophia prima as a general metaphysics, [44] which arises as a preliminary to the distinction of the three "special metaphysics" [45] on the soul, world and God: [46] [47] rational psychology, [48] [49] rational cosmology [50] and rational theology. [51]
Some philosophers consider metaphilosophy to be a subject apart from philosophy, above or beyond it, [4] while others object to that idea. [5] Timothy Williamson argues that the philosophy of philosophy is "automatically part of philosophy", as is the philosophy of anything else. [6]