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Generics, or parameterized types, or parametric polymorphism is a .NET 2.0 feature supported by C# and Visual Basic. Unlike C++ templates, .NET parameterized types are instantiated at runtime rather than by the compiler; hence they can be cross-language whereas C++ templates cannot.
Constructors have the same name as the class and do not return anything explicitly. Implicitly, they will return the newly created object when called via the new operator. They may take parameters like any other method. The parameter-less constructor is special because it can be specified as a necessary constraint for a generic type parameter.
The technique was formalized in 1989 as "F-bounded quantification."[2] The name "CRTP" was independently coined by Jim Coplien in 1995, [3] who had observed it in some of the earliest C++ template code as well as in code examples that Timothy Budd created in his multiparadigm language Leda. [4]
C# (/ ˌ s iː ˈ ʃ ɑːr p / see SHARP) [b] is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms.C# encompasses static typing, [16]: 4 strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, [16]: 22 object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.
New techniques were introduced by Andrei Alexandrescu in his 2001 book Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied. Subsequently, D implemented the same ideas. Such software entities are known as generics in Ada, C#, Delphi, Eiffel, F#, Java, Nim, Python, Go, Rust, Swift, TypeScript, and Visual Basic (.NET).
In C#, reification is used to make parametric polymorphism implemented in the form of generics as a first-class feature of the language. In the Java programming language, there exist "reifiable types" that are "completely available at run time" (i.e. their information is not erased during compilation). [2] REBOL reifies code as data and vice versa.
In programming languages that support generics (a.k.a. parametric polymorphism), the programmer can extend the type system with new constructors. For example, a C# interface like IList < T > makes it possible to construct new types like IList < Animal > or IList < Cat >. The question then arises what the variance of these type constructors ...
A constraint programming language is a declarative programming language where relationships between variables are expressed as constraints. Execution proceeds by attempting to find values for the variables which satisfy all declared constraints. Claire; Constraint Handling Rules; CHIP; ECLiPSe; Kaleidoscope; Raku [8]