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Otherwise, one manic episode meets the criteria for bipolar I disorder (BP-I). [2] Hypomania is a sustained state of elevated or irritable mood that is less severe than mania yet may still significantly affect the quality of life and result in permanent consequences including reckless spending, damaged relationships and poor judgment.
For most people with bipolar types 1 and 2, the depressive episodes are much longer than the manic or hypomanic episodes. [24] Since a diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many affected individuals are initially misdiagnosed as having major depression and treated with prescribed antidepressants. [48]
Cyclothymia (/ ˌ s aɪ k l ə ˈ θ aɪ m i ə /, siy-kluh-THIY-mee-uh), also known as cyclothymic disorder, psychothemia / psychothymia, [5] bipolar III, [6] affective personality disorder [7] and cyclothymic personality disorder, [8] is a mental and behavioural disorder [9] that involves numerous periods of symptoms of depression and periods of symptoms of elevated mood. [3]
Simplified graphical comparison of bipolar I, bipolar II and cyclothymia [1] [2]: 267 . Hypomania (literally "under mania" or "less than mania") [3] is a psychiatric behavioral syndrome [4] characterized essentially by an apparently non-contextual elevation of mood (i.e., euphoria) that contributes to persistently disinhibited behavior.
Bipolar disorder is difficult to diagnose. [2] If a person displays some symptoms of bipolar disorder but not others, the clinician may diagnose bipolar NOS. The diagnosis of bipolar NOS is indicated when there is a rapid change (days) between manic and depressive symptoms and can also include recurring episodes of hypomania. Bipolar NOS may be ...
Most people also, at other times, have one or more depressive episodes. [2] Typically, these manic episodes can last at least 7 days for most of each day to the extent that the individual may need medical attention, while the depressive episodes last at least 2 weeks. [3] It is a type of bipolar disorder and conforms to the classic concept of ...
Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926). The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908, [1] [2] and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. [3]
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder defined by intermittent episodes of depression and mania during the individual's lifetime. The DSM-5 and ICD-11 recognise bipolar disorder as a spectrum with three specific subtypes: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder.