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Illustration of the principles of archaeological stratigraphy. Understanding a site in modern archaeology is a process of grouping single contexts together in ever larger groups by virtue of their relationships. The terminology of these larger clusters varies depending on the practitioner, but the terms interface, sub-group, and group are common.
The Permian through Jurassic stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah is a great example of Original Horizontality and the Law of Superposition, two important ideas used in relative dating.
Units in geochronology and stratigraphy [1] Segments of rock in chronostratigraphy Time spans in geochronology Notes to geochronological units Eonothem: Eon: 4 total, half a billion years or more Erathem: Era: 10 defined, several hundred million years System: Period: 22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years Series: Epoch
Marker horizons of tephra are used as a dating tool in archaeology, since the dates of eruptions are generally well-established. [3] One particular bolide impact 66 million years ago, which formed the Chicxulub crater, produced an iridium anomaly that occurs in a thin, global layer of clay marking the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. [4]
A geoarchaeologist analyzes a stratigraphy on the route of the LGV Est high-speed railway line. geoarchaeologist at work on column sample Geoarchaeology is a multi-disciplinary approach which uses the techniques and subject matter of geography, geology, geophysics and other Earth sciences to examine topics which inform archaeological and chronological knowledge and thought.
The stratigraphy of an archaeological site can be used to date, or refine the date, of particular activities ("contexts") on that site. For example, if a context is sealed between two other contexts of known date, it can be inferred that the middle context must date to between those dates.
Animation showing interpretive grouping and phasing on matrix diagram. The Harris matrix is a tool used to depict the temporal succession of archaeological contexts and thus the sequence of depositions and surfaces on a 'dry land' archaeological site, otherwise called a 'stratigraphic sequence'.
Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock strata in relation to time. The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to arrange the sequence of deposition and the time of deposition of all rocks within a geological region, and eventually, the entire geologic record of the Earth .