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Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. [1] Movement disorders present with extrapyramidal symptoms and are caused by basal ganglia disease . [ 2 ]
Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) as defined by the European Neuromuscular Centre in 2018. [1] [2] They are named by the following system: LGMD, recessive or dominant inheritance (R or D), order of discovery (number), affected protein.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 February 2025. The following is a list of mental disorders as defined at any point by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). A mental disorder, also known as a mental illness, mental health condition, or psychiatric ...
Motor disorders are disorders of the nervous system that cause abnormal and involuntary movements. They can result from damage to the motor system. [1]Motor disorders are defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) – published in 2013 to replace the fourth text revision – as a new sub-category of neurodevelopmental disorders.
A movement disorder similar to PKD was first mentioned in research literature in 1940 by Mount and Reback. They described a disorder consisting of attacks of involuntary movements but unlike PKD, the attacks lasted minutes to hours and were found to be caused by alcohol or caffeine intake. [15] They named it paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis.
Studies on diseases that are similar in nature to PD have revealed insights into the causes of movement disorders. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia is a form of epilepsy affecting the frontal lobe . Single genes have been identified on chromosomes 15, 20, and 21, which contribute to the pathology of these epilepsy disorders. [ 4 ]
PED differs from two closely related disorders, for example paroxysmal kinesogenic dyskinesia (PKD) and paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), based on what brings on the symptoms, namely prolonged exercise, such as brisk walking or running for at least 10 minutes. This is in contrast to PKD where the symptoms are brought about by sudden ...
It can cause a visible slowing of physical and emotional reactions, including speech and affect. [ 1 ] Psychomotor retardation is most commonly seen in people with major depression and in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder ; [ 2 ] it is also associated with the adverse effects of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines . [ 3 ]