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The specific problem is: This article's reference section contains many footnotes, but lists no external references or sources. Please help improve this article if you can. ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message )
In object-oriented programming, the open–closed principle (OCP) states "software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification"; [1] that is, such an entity can allow its behaviour to be extended without modifying its source code. The name open–closed principle has been used in two ways.
Examples include Singleton, Factory Method, and Observer. [35] [36] [37] Software Architecture Pattern refers to a reusable, proven solution to a recurring problem at the system level, addressing concerns related to the overall structure, component interactions, and quality attributes of the system.
For example, in Java, the Comparable interface specifies a method compareTo() which implementing classes must implement. This means that a sorting method, for example, can sort a collection of any objects of types which implement the Comparable interface, without having to know anything about the inner nature of the class (except that two of ...
In object-oriented programming, programs are treated as a set of interacting objects. In functional programming , programs are treated as a sequence of stateless function evaluations. When programming computers or systems with many processors, in process-oriented programming , programs are treated as sets of concurrent processes that act on a ...
All these patterns solve some software problems common to many software development projects. These techniques have not been invented to create new ways of working, but to better document and standardize old, tried-and-tested programming principles in object-oriented design.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application, system, or business by applying object-oriented programming, as well as using visual modeling throughout the software development process to guide stakeholder communication and product quality.
Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]