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[3] [6] Venous disease, such as venous incompetence, venous hypertension, and body mass may be relevant to the underlying pathogenesis. [3] Increased blood pressure in the veins (venous hypertension) can cause diffusion of substances, including fibrin, out of capillaries. Fibrotic tissue may predispose the tissue to ulceration.
Lipedema is a condition that is almost exclusively found in women [3] and results in enlargement of both legs due to deposits of fat under the skin. [2] Women of any weight may be affected [2] [3] and the fat is resistant to traditional weight-loss methods. [4]
The cause of the disease remains unknown, but its incidence strongly correlates with alcohol use disorder (over 90% of cases); in such cases, abstinence from alcohol prevents disease progression. Defects in the adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis and accumulation of embryological brown fat have also been reported.
Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum disease) is a rare condition involving multiple painful lipomas, swelling, and fatigue. Early studies mentioned prevalence in obese postmenopausal women. However, current literature demonstrates that Dercum disease is present in more women than men of all body types; the average age for diagnosis is 35 years. [20]
Elephantiasis, often incorrectly called elephantitis, is the enlargement and hardening of limbs or body parts due to tissue swelling . [1] [2] It is characterised by edema, hypertrophy, and fibrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissues, due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels . [2] It may affect the genitalia. [2]
Steatopygia is the state of having substantial levels of tissue on the buttocks and thighs. This build is not confined to the gluteal regions, but extends to the outside and front of the thighs, and tapers to the knee producing a curvilinear figure.
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IBM is more common in men than women. [10] Patients may become unable to perform activities of daily living and most require assistive devices within 5 to 10 years of symptom onset. [ 11 ] sIBM does not significantly affect life expectancy , [ 1 ] although death related to malnutrition and respiratory failure can occur. [ 12 ]