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Cytokines typically activate second messenger systems, like JAK-STAT pathways, as illustrated on the left side of the diagram. Conversely, hormones typically activate different signaling pathways, like G protein-coupled receptors, seen at the top of the figure.
Diagram showing the development of different blood cells from haematopoietic stem cell to mature cells. Haematopoiesis (/ h ɪ ˌ m æ t ə p ɔɪ ˈ iː s ɪ s, ˌ h iː m ə t oʊ-, ˌ h ɛ m ə-/; [1] [2] from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma) 'blood' and ποιεῖν (poieîn) 'to make'; also hematopoiesis in American English, sometimes h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular ...
Interleukin 3 (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.
The inflammatory reflex is a prototypical neural circuit that controls cytokine production in the spleen. [15] Action potentials transmitted via the vagus nerve to the spleen mediate the release of acetylcholine , the neurotransmitter that inhibits cytokine release by interacting with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( CHRNA7 ...
Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) 'alchemy' and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) 'movement'), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.
CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mechanics [ 5 ] and thereby recruits monocytes , memory T cells , and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection .
Also, one study indicates that JAK1 is needed to carry out signalling for receptors of the cytokines IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10. [22] The JAK-STAT pathway in cytokine receptor signalling can activate STATs, which can bind to DNA and allow the transcription of genes involved in immune cell division, survival, activation and recruitment.
A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines.