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  2. Timeline of Medina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Medina

    634 - Umar becomes caliph. 639 - Hijri year calendar devised. [citation needed] 644 - Uthman ibn Affan becomes caliph. 656 - Ali becomes caliph and moves capital from Medina to Kufa. [7] [8] 661 - Umayyad Caliphate established; capital moved from Medina to Damascus. [1] 662 - Marwan ibn al-Hakam becomes Governor of Madina. 683 - Medina sacked ...

  3. First Islamic State - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Islamic_State

    After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs founded the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and Abbasid caliphate (750–1258).

  4. Sharifate of Medina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina

    The first city converted to Islam and the base for Muhammad's conquest of Arabia, Medina was the first capital of the nascent caliphate. [1] Despite the attempt to return it to Medina during the Second Fitna (680–692), the political seat of the Muslim world quickly shifted permanently away from the Hejaz, first to Damascus under the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and then to Baghdad under the ...

  5. Medina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina

    Medina, [a] officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (Arabic: المدينة المنورة, romanized: al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, lit. 'The Luminous City', Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [al.maˈdiːna al.mʊˈnawːara]) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (المدينة, al-Madina) and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (يَثْرِب), is the capital of Medina Province in the ...

  6. Early Muslim conquests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 February 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...

  7. History of Islam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam

    The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.

  8. Muslim conquest of Persia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia

    The Ridda Wars preoccupied the Caliphate until March 633, and ended with the entirety of the Arab Peninsula under the authority of the Caliph at Medina. Abu Bakr set in motion a historical trajectory (continued later by Umar and Uthman) that in a few decades led to one of the largest empires in history , [ 22 ] beginning with a confrontation ...

  9. Umar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar

    Umar ibn al-Khattab [a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r.