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  2. Electrophilic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_substitution

    In electrophilic substitution in aromatic compounds, an atom appended to the aromatic ring, usually hydrogen, is replaced by an electrophile. The most important reactions of this type that take place are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation and acylation and alkylating Friedel-Crafts reactions .

  3. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry. Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is ...

  4. Aromatic sulfonation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_sulfonation

    In organic chemistry, aromatic sulfonation is an reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid (−SO 2 OH) group. Together with nitration and chlorination, aromatic sulfonation is a widely used electrophilic aromatic substitutions. [1] Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs.

  5. Electrophilic halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_halogenation

    In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution.This organic reaction is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful method for adding substituents to an aromatic system.

  6. Electrophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation , alkylation Friedel–Crafts ...

  7. Directed ortho metalation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_ortho_metalation

    Directed ortho metalation (DoM) is an adaptation of electrophilic aromatic substitution in which electrophiles attach themselves exclusively to the ortho-position of a direct metalation group or DMG through the intermediary of an aryllithium compound. [1] The DMG interacts with lithium through a hetero atom.

  8. Umpolung - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpolung

    In organic chemistry, umpolung (German: [ˈʔʊmˌpoːlʊŋ]) or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible. [ 3 ]

  9. Azo coupling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azo_coupling

    In organic chemistry, an azo coupling is an reaction between a diazonium compound (R−N≡N +) and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound (R−N=N−R’).In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile, and the activated carbon (usually from an arene, which is called coupling agent), serves as a nucleophile.