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The feet of an Arabic poem are traditionally represented by mnemonic words called tafāʿīl (تفاعيل).In most poems there are eight of these: four in the first half of the verse and four in the second; in other cases, there will be six of them, meaning three in the first half of the verse and three in the second.
In addition to his work in prosody and lexicography, al-Farahidi established the fields of ʻarūḍ – rules-governing Arabic poetry metre – and Arabic musicology. [38] [39] Often called a genius by historians, he was a scholar, a theorist and an original thinker. [11] Ibn al-Nadim's list of al-Khalil's other works were:
Al-Khalīl ibn ʿAḥmad al-Farāhīdī (711–786 CE) was the first Arab scholar to subject the prosody of Arabic poetry to a detailed phonological study. He failed to produce a coherent, integrated theory which satisfies the requirements of generality, adequacy, and simplicity; instead, he merely listed and categorized the primary data, thus ...
ˀAḫmad al-Farāhīdī's contribution to the study of Arabic prosody is undeniably significant: he was the first scholar to subject Arabic poetry to a meticulous, painstaking metrical analysis. Unfortunately, he fell short of producing a coherent theory; instead, he was content to merely gather, classify, and categorize the primary data—a ...
The ʿarūż [a] (from Arabic عروض ʿarūḍ), also called ʿarūż prosody, is the Persian, Turkic and Urdu prosody, using the ʿarūż meters. [b] The earliest founder of this versification system was Khalil ibn Ahmad. There were 16 meters of ʿarūż at first. Later Persian scholars added 3 more.
The Arabic word used for literature is Adab, which comes from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment. [1] Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an [2] would have the greatest lasting effect on Arab culture and its literature.
The hazaj is one of the less common Arabic meters. It is only very rarely used in early Arabic poetry, and does not occur at all in Stoetzer's collection of 130 8th-century poems, and in fewer than 10 of Vadet's collection of 2300 poems and fragments of Bedouin poetry of the 1st-3rd centuries AD. [4]
Saj' was the earliest artistic speech in Arabic. [3] [4] It could be found in pre-Islamic Arabia among the kuhhān (the pre-Islamic soothsayers) [5] and in Abyssinia for ecclesiastical poetry and folk songs. [6] One famous composer of saj' was said to have been the bishop of Najran, Quss Ibn Sa'ida al-Iyadi. [7]