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1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over twisted-pair wiring. Each 1000BASE-T network segment is recommended to be a maximum length of 100 meters (330 feet), [5] [a] and must use Category 5 cable or better (including Cat 5e and Cat 6).
Generally, layers are named by their specifications: [8] 10, 100, 1000, 10G, ... – the nominal, usable speed at the top of the physical layer (no suffix = megabit/s, G = gigabit/s), excluding line codes but including other physical layer overhead (preamble, SFD, IPG); some WAN PHYs (W) run at slightly reduced bitrates for compatibility reasons; encoded PHY sublayers usually run at higher ...
1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally using hybrid circuits and cancellers. [16] Data is encoded using 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) with five voltages , −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V. [ 17 ] While +2 V to −2 V may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 ...
1000BASE-T1 – Gigabit Ethernet over a single twisted pair for automotive & industrial environments 802.3bq 2016-06 [3] 25GBASE-T/40GBASE-T Ethernet for four-pair balanced–twisted-pair cabling with two connectors over 30 m distances 802.3br 2016-06 Specification and Management Parameters for Interspersing Express Traffic 802.3bs 2017-12
While 1BASE5 had little market penetration, it defined the physical apparatus (wire, plug/jack, pin-out, and wiring plan) that would be carried over to 10BASE-T through 10GBASE-T. The most common forms used are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. All three use twisted-pair cables and 8P8C modular connectors.
Common names: foiled twisted pair, shielded twisted pair, screened twisted pair. This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable. Individual and overall shield (F/FTP, S/FTP, and SF/FTP): Individual shielding using foils for every twisted pair in a cable, and also an outer foil or braided shielding.
The 1000BASE-T signal uses PAM 5 modulation, meaning that each cable pair transports 5 bits simultaneously in both directions. The PHY chips at each end of the cable have a very complex task at hand, because they must separate the two signals from each other.
Cross section of a cat 5e cable. The Category 5e specification improves upon the Category 5 specification by further mitigating crosstalk. [9] The bandwidth (100 MHz) and physical construction are the same between the two, [10] and most Cat 5 cables actually happen to meet Cat 5e specifications even though they are not certified as such. [11]