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Furosemide works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. [4] Common side effects of furosemide injection include hypokalemia (low potassium level), hypotension (low blood pressure), and dizziness. [5] Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964. [6]
Emergency lowering of potassium levels is needed when new arrhythmias occur at any level of potassium in the blood, or when potassium levels exceed 6.5 mmol/L. Several agents are used to temporarily lower K + levels. The choice depends on the degree and cause of the hyperkalemia, and other aspects of the person's condition.
A bolus intravenous dose of 10 or 20 mg of furosemide can be administered and then followed by intravenous bolus of 2 or 3% hypertonic saline to increase the serum sodium level. [12] Pulmonary edema - Slow intravenous bolus dose of 40 to 80 mg furosemide at 4 mg per minute is indicated for patients with fluid overload and pulmonary edema. Such ...
The thiazides and potassium-sparing diuretics are considered to be calcium-sparing diuretics. [6] The thiazides cause a net decrease in calcium lost in urine. [7] The potassium-sparing diuretics cause a net increase in calcium lost in urine, but the increase is much smaller than the increase associated with other diuretic classes. [7]
Potassium-sparing diuretics or antikaliuretics [1] refer to drugs that cause diuresis without causing potassium loss in the urine. [2] They are typically used as an adjunct in management of hypertension , cirrhosis , and congestive heart failure . [ 3 ]
The action of these loop diuretics also reduces potassium reabsorption through the NKCC2 cotransporter and consequently increases tubular flow rate which enhances potassium secretion and emphasises the hypokalaemic effect. Impaired sodium reabsorption increases diuresis by three mechanisms:
If overcorrection does occur, a 5% dextrose in water infusion may be given to temporarily lower sodium levels. [2] total of 8 mmol per liter during the first day with the use of furosemide and replacing sodium and potassium losses with 0.9% saline.
The potassium-sparing effects of amiloride offset the low blood potassium (hypokalemia) that is often induced by thiazides or loop diuretics, which is of particular importance in people for whom maintaining a normal level of potassium is critically important. [6]