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Chronic toxicity by copper is rare. [1] The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.3 mg/L. [2] So low is the toxicity of copper that copper(II) sulfate is a routine reagent in undergraduate chemistry laboratories. [3]
The study of genetic copper metabolism diseases and their associated proteins are enabling scientists to understand how human bodies use copper and why it is important as an essential micronutrient. [citation needed] The diseases arise from defects in two similar copper pumps, the Menkes and the Wilson Cu-ATPases. [18]
In the case of copper the adult UL is set at 10 mg/day. [4] Copper gluconate is sold as a dietary supplement to provide copper. The typical dose is 2.0 mg copper per day. This is one-fifth what the IOM considers a safe upper limit. Long-term intake at amounts higher than the UL may cause liver damage. [4]
Another function of copper is signaling – for example, stem cells require a certain level of copper in the media to start their differentiation into cells needed for repair. Thus, GHK-Cu's ability to bind copper and to modulate its tissue level is a key factor determining its biological activity. [26]
Cuprous oxide reacts with cuprous sulfide to convert to blister copper upon heating: 2 Cu 2 O + Cu 2 S → 6 Cu + 2 SO 2. This roasting gives matte copper, roughly 50% Cu by weight, which is purified by electrolysis. Depending on the ore, sometimes other metals are obtained during the electrolysis including platinum and gold.
The use of copper pesticide in viticulture in 1940. Copper pesticide is applied as a contact protective foliar spray, so it remains deposited on leaf surfaces. A small concentration of copper ions may be taken up by plants as essential nutrients. Copper foliar sprays are also applied to correct plant copper deficiency. [8]
Penicillamine, sold under the brand name of Cuprimine among others, is a medication primarily used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. [1] It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, and various heavy metal poisonings.
The Statue of Liberty, showing advanced patination; verdigris is responsible for the statue's iconic green colour.. Verdigris (/ ˈ v ɜːr d ɪ ɡ r iː (s)/) [1] is a common name for any of a variety of somewhat toxic [2] [3] [4] copper salts of acetic acid, which range in colour from green to a bluish-green depending on their chemical composition.