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Since it is difficult to measure extrapyramidal symptoms, rating scales are commonly used to assess the severity of movement disorders. The Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) are rating scales frequently used for such assessment and are not weighted for diagnostic purposes ...
Serious side effects are valid for all atypical antipsychotics and may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, an increased risk of suicide, angioedema, and high blood sugar levels, [10] although lurasidone is less likely to cause high blood sugar levels in most patients ...
Because some adverse effects may only emerge during chronic use of methylphenidate, a constant watch for adverse effects is recommended. [30] A 2018 Cochrane review found that methylphenidate might be associated with serious side effects such as heart problems, psychosis, and death. The certainty of the evidence was stated as very low. [31]
Extrapyramidal side effects — movement-related problems such as muscle rigidity, parkinsonism, dystonia, etc. Euthyroid goitre — i.e. the formation of a goitre despite normal thyroid functioning Hypothyroidism — a deficiency of thyroid hormone, though this condition is already common among patients with bipolar disorder.
Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative medicine that uses gentle touch to feel non-existent rhythmic movements of the skull's bones and supposedly adjust the immovable joints of the skull to achieve a therapeutic result.
Because some adverse effects may only emerge during chronic use of methylphenidate, a constant watch for adverse effects is recommended. [97] A 2018 Cochrane review found that methylphenidate might be associated with serious side effects such as heart problems, psychosis, and death. The certainty of the evidence was stated as very low. [98]
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Though its adverse effects including upper respiratory tract infection and loss of appetite were rarely severe enough for the medication to be discontinued in this age group, its effectiveness in reducing seizures was inconclusive. The available research suffers from small sample sizes, inconsistent findings, and inadequate comparison groups. [72]