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  2. Cardiotocography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotocography

    Modern-day CTG was developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s by Edward Hon, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Konrad Hammacher. The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968. [1] CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2]

  3. Contraction stress test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_stress_test

    During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and neonatal depression. [1] [2] This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring.

  4. Nonstress test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstress_test

    A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...

  5. Placental insufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_insufficiency

    Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]

  6. Doppler fetal monitor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_fetal_monitor

    Doppler fetal monitors provide information about the fetus similar to that provided by a fetal stethoscope. One advantage of the Doppler fetal monitor over a (purely acoustic) fetal stethoscope is the electronic audio output, which allows people other than the user to hear the heartbeat. One disadvantage is the greater complexity and cost and ...

  7. Umbilical cord prolapse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse

    Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or variable decelerations, particularly after the rupture of membranes. With overt prolapses, the diagnosis can be confirmed if the cord can be felt on vaginal examination.

  8. Iowa's new 'fetal heartbeat' 6-week abortion ban explained in ...

    www.aol.com/entertainment/iowas-fetal-heartbeat...

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  9. Fetal scalp blood testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_scalp_blood_testing

    The use of fetal scalp blood testing originated in Germany in 1961 and required 0.25 mL of blood drawn from the fetus. [1] As one of the first methods of monitoring fetal wellbeing during labor, there were many disadvantages including the need for at least 3 cm dilation of the mother and extreme precision from the physician performing the procedure. [9]