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This anxiety is a risk factor for negative fetal/child outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, developmental delays, and behavioral problems. [10] [11] [12] Pregnancy-related anxiety is also linked to negative affectivity and poorer child and infant cognitive development. [13]
During pregnancy, a lot of changes to mood, memory, eating habits, and sleep are common. When these common traits become severe, and begin to alter one's day-to-day life, that is when it is considered to be antenatal depression. Symptoms of antenatal depression are: Inability to concentrate. Overwhelming anxiety and fear. Difficulty remembering.
These results suggest that mindfulness intervention during pregnancy reduce anxiety and negative affect of mothers. This study is a promising start to the potential impact that mindfulness based interventions could have on reducing prenatal stress, and thereby improving child outcomes. [39]
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Postpartum depression in the DSM-5 is known as "depressive disorder with peripartum onset". Peripartum onset is defined as starting anytime during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. [22] There is no longer a distinction made between depressive episodes that occur during pregnancy or those that occur after delivery. [75]
In the U.S., we’re delaying pregnancy even longer (the average age for a first-time mom has increased from 25.6 years old in 2011 to 27.3 years old in 2021), and the number of women giving birth ...
Prolactin contributes to providing the correct amount of energy to support the mother and the fetus/offspring during pregnancy and lactation, but it also has a homeostatic role. [18] Emerging research has suggested a potential association between the gut microbiome and perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. [19] [20]