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  2. Conditional independence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_independence

    In probability theory, conditional independence describes situations wherein an observation is irrelevant or redundant when evaluating the certainty of a hypothesis. . Conditional independence is usually formulated in terms of conditional probability, as a special case where the probability of the hypothesis given the uninformative observation is equal to the probability

  3. Independence (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability...

    Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.

  4. Simpson's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox

    Visualization of Simpson's paradox on data resembling real-world variability indicates that risk of misjudgment of true causal relationship can be hard to spot. Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined.

  5. Conditional probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability

    For example, the conditional probability that someone unwell (sick) is coughing might be 75%, in which case we would have that P(Cough) = 5% and P(Cough|Sick) = 75 %. Although there is a relationship between A and B in this example, such a relationship or dependence between A and B is not necessary, nor do they have to occur simultaneously.

  6. Bayesian network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network

    For example, a naive way of storing the conditional probabilities of 10 two-valued variables as a table requires storage space for = values. If no variable's local distribution depends on more than three parent variables, the Bayesian network representation stores at most 10 ⋅ 2 3 = 80 {\displaystyle 10\cdot 2^{3}=80} values.

  7. Probability theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

    Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms.

  8. Conditional dependence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_Dependence

    Conditional dependence of A and B given C is the logical negation of conditional independence (()). [6] In conditional independence two events (which may be dependent or not) become independent given the occurrence of a third event.

  9. Ellsberg paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox

    Many humans naturally assume in real-world situations that if they are not told the probability of a certain event, it is to deceive them. Participants make the same decisions in the experiment as they would about related but not identical real-life problems where the experimenter would be likely to be a deceiver acting against the subject's ...