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The first fundamental form completely describes the metric properties of a surface. Thus, it enables one to calculate the lengths of curves on the surface and the areas of regions on the surface. The line element ds may be expressed in terms of the coefficients of the first fundamental form as d s 2 = E d u 2 + 2 F d u d v + G d v 2 ...
Geometry (from Ancient Greek γεωμετρία (geōmetría) ' land measurement '; from γῆ (gê) ' earth, land ' and μέτρον (métron) ' a measure ') [1] is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. [2] Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the ...
Apollonian gasket; Apollonian sphere packing; Blancmange curve; Cantor dust; Cantor set; Cantor tesseract [citation needed]; Circle inversion fractal; De Rham curve; Douady rabbit; Dragon curve
The basic quantities describing a sphere (meaning a 2-sphere, a 2-dimensional surface inside 3-dimensional space) will be denoted by the following variables r {\displaystyle r} is the radius, C = 2 π r {\displaystyle C=2\pi r} is the circumference (the length of any one of its great circles ),
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
The fundamental group of the figure eight is the free group on two generators a and b. The fundamental group of the figure eight is the free group on two letters. The idea to prove this is as follows: choosing the base point to be the point where the two circles meet (dotted in black in the picture at the right), any loop γ {\displaystyle ...
In these figures, the red curves are the lines of curvature for one family of principal directions, and the blue curves for the other. When a line of curvature has a local extremum of the same principal curvature then the curve has a ridge point. These ridge points form curves on the surface called ridges. The ridge curves pass through the ...
A major theorem, often called the fundamental theorem of the differential geometry of surfaces, asserts that whenever two objects satisfy the Gauss-Codazzi constraints, they will arise as the first and second fundamental forms of a regular surface. Using the first fundamental form, it is possible to define new objects on a regular surface.