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Ingested advantame can form phenylalanine, but normal use of advantame is not significant to those with phenylketonuria. It also has no adverse effects in type 2 diabetics. It is not considered to be carcinogenic or mutagenic. [1] The Center for Science in the Public Interest ranks advantame as safe [7] and as generally recognized as safe. [8]
Phenylalanine ball and stick model spinning. Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) [3] is an essential α-amino acid with the formula C 9 H 11 NO 2.It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine.
[1] [2] It is related to the amino acid phenylalanine and to the phenethylamine psychostimulants β-phenethylamine (phenylethylamine) and amphetamine (α-methylphenethylamine). [3] D-Phenylalanine is a psychostimulant and selective norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA) or norepinephrine-preferring norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA).
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Phenylalanine is a large, neutral amino acid (LNAA). LNAAs compete for transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) via the large neutral amino acid transporter (LNAAT). If phenylalanine is in excess in the blood, it will saturate the transporter. Excessive levels of phenylalanine tend to decrease the levels of other LNAAs in the brain.
Pegvaliase, sold under the brand name Palynziq, is a medication used for the treatment of the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU). [5] [9] [10] It is a phenylalanine (Phe)‑metabolizing enzyme. [5]
[6] [7] [8] [1] [9] In mice, high levels of Lac-Phe in the blood cause a decrease of food intake [6] and in humans, its production has been shown to correlate with adipose tissue loss during an endurance exercise intervention. [10] In mammals it is created from -lactate and L-phenylalanine by the cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase (CNDP2) protein. [1]
α-Methylphenylalanine (α-MePhe or AMPA) is an artificial amino acid and a phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative. [1] It is the α-methylated analogue of phenylalanine, the precursor of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, and the amino acid analogue of amphetamine (α-methylphenethylamine), a psychostimulant and monoamine releasing agent.