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The false-uniqueness effect is an attributional type of cognitive bias in social psychology that describes how people tend to view their qualities, traits, and personal attributes as unique when in reality they are not. This bias is often measured by looking at the difference between estimates that people make about how many of their peers ...
The four-sides model (also known as communication square or four-ears model) is a communication model postulated in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. According to this model every message has four facets though not the same emphasis might be put on each.
For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill; a way to establish a connection with the other person. [9]
According to Jung, the development of a viable social persona is a vital part of adapting to, and preparing for, adult life in the external social world. [2] " A strong ego relates to the outside world through a flexible persona; identifications with a specific persona (doctor, scholar, artist, etc.) inhibits psychological development."
An example of pseudo-listening is trying to multitask by talking on the phone while watching television or completing work. [5] Pseudo-listening is the most ineffective way to communicate because after the conversation one will not have retained much of the information that was said.
According to Alberts, Elkind, and Ginsberg the personal fable "is the corollary to the imaginary audience.Thinking of themselves as the center of attention, the adolescent comes to believe that it is because they are special and unique.” [1] It is found during the formal operational stage in Piagetian theory, along with the imaginary audience.
Persona studies is an academic field developed by communication and media scholars. [4] The term "persona" has been discussed by sociologists Robert Park [5] and Erving Goffman [6] in the 1950s. It is a tool to become persons by constructing the conception of our role and connecting the inner conception to the outer world as individuals. [7]
Predictability can also be influenced depending on what is being measured, and some behaviors may be more consistent than others. For example, the amount a person gestures or the volume of a person's voice are more likely to be consistent across situations than goal-directed behaviors, such as when a person is trying to impress another person.