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The four-sides model (also known as communication square or four-ears model) is a communication model postulated in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. According to this model every message has four facets though not the same emphasis might be put on each.
According to Jung, the development of a viable social persona is a vital part of adapting to, and preparing for, adult life in the external social world. [2] " A strong ego relates to the outside world through a flexible persona; identifications with a specific persona (doctor, scholar, artist, etc.) inhibits psychological development."
A suggestive question is one that implies that a certain answer should be given in response, [1] [2] or falsely presents a presupposition in the question as accepted fact. [3] [4] Such a question distorts the memory thereby tricking the person into answering in a specific way that might or might not be true or consistent with their actual feelings, and can be deliberate or unintentional.
Overconfidence effect, a tendency to have excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time. [5] [43] [44] [45] Planning fallacy, the tendency for people to underestimate the time it will take them to complete a ...
An example would be that when a positive tone is used, it has shown to produce more detailed accounts of events. However, it has also been shown to produce false information intended to appease the interviewer. Peer interactions: Children's accounts of events can be greatly distorted by information from their peers. In some cases, children who ...
Pseudo-listening is most common in face-to-face communication, but it can also be expressed through phone calls, text messages and e-mails. [12] Effective listening is critical in human communication to build trust and understanding, whereas pseudolistening often results in relational breakdowns due to perceived disinterest or disengagement. [ 13 ]
Persona studies is an academic field developed by communication and media scholars. [4] The term "persona" has been discussed by sociologists Robert Park [5] and Erving Goffman [6] in the 1950s. It is a tool to become persons by constructing the conception of our role and connecting the inner conception to the outer world as individuals. [7]
"Masking" is the act of concealing one's true personality, as if behind a metaphorical, physical mask. In psychology and sociology, masking, also known as social camouflaging, is a defensive behavior in which an individual conceals their natural personality or behavior in response to social pressure, abuse, or harassment.