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NOT NULL must be specified to make the column(s) a key. It is possible to put UNIQUE constraints on nullable columns but the SQL standard states that the constraint does not guarantee uniqueness of nullable columns (uniqueness is not enforced for rows where any of the columns contains a null).
All columns are regular [i.e. rows have no hidden components such as row IDs, object IDs, or hidden timestamps]. Violation of any of these conditions would mean that the table is not strictly relational, and therefore that it is not in first normal form. Examples of tables (or views) that would not meet this definition of first normal form are:
An identity column differs from a primary key in that its values are managed by the server and usually cannot be modified. In many cases an identity column is used as a primary key; however, this is not always the case. It is a common misconception that an identity column will enforce uniqueness; however, this is not the case. If you want to ...
The columns in a candidate key are called prime attributes, [3] and a column that does not occur in any candidate key is called a non-prime attribute. Every relation without NULL values will have at least one candidate key: Since there cannot be duplicate rows, the set of all columns is a superkey, and if that is not minimal, some subset of ...
Each column in an SQL table declares the type(s) that column may contain. ANSI SQL includes the following data types. [14] Character strings and national character strings. CHARACTER(n) (or CHAR(n)): fixed-width n-character string, padded with spaces as needed; CHARACTER VARYING(n) (or VARCHAR(n)): variable-width string with a maximum size of n ...
For example, a database that represents company contact information might have the following columns: ID, Company Name, Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, and Postal Code. More formally, a row is a tuple containing a specific value for each column, [ 4 ] for example: (1234, 'Big Company Inc.', '123 East Example Street', '456 West Example ...
It can refer to a single column, or multiple columns of the table. The result of the predicate can be either TRUE , FALSE , or UNKNOWN , depending on the presence of NULLs . If the predicate evaluates to UNKNOWN , then the constraint is not violated and the row can be inserted or updated in the table.
This list includes SQL reserved words – aka SQL reserved keywords, [1] [2] as the SQL:2023 specifies and some RDBMSs have added. Reserved words in SQL and related products In SQL:2023 [ 3 ]