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The solidus is the locus of temperatures (a curve on a phase diagram) below which a given substance is completely solid (crystallized). The solidus temperature specifies the temperature below which a material is completely solid, [ 2 ] and the minimum temperature at which a melt can co-exist with crystals in thermodynamic equilibrium .
The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter. For example, ice is the solid state of water, but there are multiple phases of ice with different crystal structures, which are formed at different pressures and temperatures.
The PIC was originally conceived to solve problems in fluid dynamics, and developed by Harlow at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1957. [1] One of the first PIC codes was the Fluid-Implicit Particle (FLIP) program, which was created by Brackbill in 1986 [2] and has been constantly in development ever since. Until the 1990s, the PIC method was ...
Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials.It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with a focus on the synthesis of novel materials and their characterization.
A well-studied example is the radical ion salt TTF-TCNQ with a conductivity of 5 x 10 2 Ω −1 cm −1, [5] much closer to copper (ρ = 6 x 10 5 Ω −1 cm −1) [8] than many molecular solids. [ 31 ] [ 18 ] [ 30 ] The coulombic interaction in TTF-TCNQ stems from the large partial negative charge (δ = -0.59) on the cyano- moiety on TCNQ at ...
Interactions in the Standard Model. All Feynman diagrams in the model are built from combinations of these vertices. q is any quark, g is a gluon, X is any charged particle, γ is a photon, f is any fermion, m is any particle with mass (with the possible exception of the neutrinos), m B is any boson with mass. In diagrams with multiple particle ...
A binary phase diagram displaying solid solutions over the full range of relative concentrations. On a phase diagram a solid solution is represented by an area, often labeled with the structure type, which covers the compositional and temperature/pressure ranges. Where the end members are not isostructural there are likely to be two solid ...
In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. [1] [2] Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy.