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Bismuth subsalicylate four times daily reduces rates of travelers' diarrhea. [2] [27] Though many travelers find a four-times-per-day regimen inconvenient, lower doses are not effective. [2] [27] Potential side effects include black tongue, black stools, nausea, constipation, and ringing in the ears.
Rifaximin, sold under the brand name Xifaxan among others, is a non-absorbable, broad-spectrum antibiotic mainly used to treat travelers' diarrhea. It is based on the rifamycin antibiotics family. Since its approval in Italy in 1987, it has been licensed in more than 30 countries for the treatment of a variety of non-infectius gastrointestinal ...
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, rash, and diarrhea. [2] Severe allergic reactions and Clostridioides difficile infection may occasionally occur. [2] Its use in pregnancy is not recommended. [2] [19] It appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding as long as the baby is healthy. [19]
The salicylic acid is absorbed and therapeutical concentrations of salicylic acid can be found in blood after bismuth subsalicylate administration. Bismuth oxychloride and bismuth hydroxide are both believed to have bactericidal effects, as is salicylic acid for enterotoxigenic E. coli, a common cause of "traveler's diarrhea". [5]
Wilderness-acquired diarrhea is a variety of traveler's diarrhea in which backpackers and other outdoor enthusiasts are affected. Potential sources are contaminated food or water, or "hand-to-mouth", directly from another person who is infected. [1] [2] Cases generally resolve spontaneously, with or without treatment, and the cause is typically ...
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a type of Escherichia coli and one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea in the developing world, [1] as well as the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea. [2] Insufficient data exists, but conservative estimates suggest that each year, about 157,000 deaths occur, mostly in children, from ETEC.
Rifamycin, sold under the trade name Aemcolo, is approved in the United States for treatment of travelers' diarrhea in some circumstances. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name "rifamycin" (originally "rifomycin") was derived from the 1955 French film Rififi . [ 4 ] :
Side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. [1] Clostridioides difficile diarrhea may also occur. [2] It is not recommended in people who have previously had a penicillin allergy. [1] Use during pregnancy appears to be relatively safe. [1] Cloxacillin is in the penicillin family of medications. [2]