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[11] [12] [13] Although these species are capable of HAT without irradiation, their redox potentials are enhance by nearly 2.0 V upon visible light irradiation. [14] When paired with their respective enzymes (typically ene-reductases ) This phenomenon has been utilized by chemists to develop enantioselective reduction methodologies.
Structural effects can also be important. The difference between fumaric acid and maleic acid is a classic example. Fumaric acid is (E)-1,4-but-2-enedioic acid, a trans isomer, whereas maleic acid is the corresponding cis isomer, i.e. (Z)-1,4-but-2-enedioic acid (see cis-trans isomerism). Fumaric acid has pK a values of approximately 3.0 and 4.5.