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In the mathematical fields of linear algebra and functional analysis, the orthogonal complement of a subspace of a vector space equipped with a bilinear form is the set of all vectors in that are orthogonal to every vector in .
1. Orthogonal complement: If W is a linear subspace of an inner product space V, then denotes its orthogonal complement, that is, the linear space of the elements of V whose inner products with the elements of W are all zero. 2.
Thus A T x = 0 if and only if x is orthogonal (perpendicular) to each of the column vectors of A. It follows that the left null space (the null space of A T) is the orthogonal complement to the column space of A. For a matrix A, the column space, row space, null space, and left null space are sometimes referred to as the four fundamental subspaces.
In the branch of mathematics called functional analysis, a complemented subspace of a topological vector space, is a vector subspace for which there exists some other vector subspace of , called its (topological) complement in , such that is the direct sum in the category of topological vector spaces.
The orthogonal complement with respect to B of an ideal is again an ideal. [ 3 ] If a given Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is a direct sum of its ideals I 1 ,..., I n , then the Killing form of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is the direct sum of the Killing forms of the individual summands.
In mathematics, orthogonal functions belong to a function space that is a vector space equipped with a bilinear form. When the function space has an interval as the domain , the bilinear form may be the integral of the product of functions over the interval:
The orthogonal group is sometimes called the general orthogonal group, by analogy with the general linear group. Equivalently, it is the group of n × n orthogonal matrices, where the group operation is given by matrix multiplication (an orthogonal matrix is a real matrix whose inverse equals its transpose).
The vector space of complex-valued class functions of a group has a natural -invariant inner product structure, described in the article Schur orthogonality relations.Maschke's theorem was originally proved for the case of representations over by constructing as the orthogonal complement of under this inner product.