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Islamic schools and branches have different understandings of Islam. There are many different sects or denominations, ... Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, ...
[1] [2] Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law. [4] [6] The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah) and human ...
In the second century of Islam, schools of fiqh were noted for the loyalty of their jurists to the legal practices of their local communities, whether Mecca, Kufa, Basra, Syria, etc. [11] (Egypt's school in Fustat was a branch of Medina's school of law and followed such practices—up until the end of the 8th century—as basing verdict on one ...
Nurit Tsafrir (2004), The History of an Islamic School of Law: The Early Spread of Hanafism (Harvard, Harvard Law School, 2004) (Harvard Series in Islamic Law, 3). El Shamsy, Ahmed (2013). The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107546073. Ayoub, Samy A. (2019).
The four Sunni Imams founded the four madhhab (schools of thought) recognized in Sunni Islam.While they agree on the foundational principles of fiqh according to the Sunni narrative, their interpretations of certain legal and practical matters differ, which led to the development of the four distinct madhhab.
The Sunnis believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor to lead the Muslim ummah (community) before his death, and after an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, Muhammad's close friend and a father-in-law, as the first 'Caliph 'of Islam.
The Maliki school differs from the other Sunni schools of law most notably in the sources it uses for derivation of rulings. Like all Sunni schools of Sharia, the Maliki school uses the Qur'an as primary source, followed by the sayings, customs/traditions and practices of Muhammad, transmitted as hadiths.
These types of schools have received criticism for their tendency to focus more on religious subjects than secular school subjects, and in fact, pesantren taught primarily religious education until the late 1970s. [45] Due to this focus, some have even accused these schools as being breeding grounds for Islamic extremism and terrorism. [46]