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The RTI approach encompasses tiered levels of support and interventions to adequately meet students' academic needs. [1] It was originally developed as a method for supporting students who appear below-grade level in demonstrating academic skills and identifying students with learning disabilities.
A special school is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to learning difficulties, physical disabilities, or behavioral problems. Special schools may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional needs.
Special education in the United States enables students with exceptional learning needs to access resources through special education programs. "The idea of excluding students with any disability from public school education can be traced back to 1893, when the Massachusetts Supreme Court expelled a student merely due to poor academic ability". [1]
The first state-funded school was the New York Asylum for Idiots. It was established in Albany in 1851. This state school aimed to educate children with intellectual disabilities and was reportedly successful in doing so. The school's Board of Trustees declared, in 1853, that the experiment had "entirely and fully succeeded."
Schools are required to find students with disabilities within their jurisdiction and refer those students for services (often called "child find" obligations). [21] [22] [23] Students are entitled to assessments to determine whether they have disabilities. [21] Students with disabilities must have Individualized Education Plans, or IEPs. [21]
Within mainstream schools it has been shown that primary schools had a higher number of students with disabilities with a high 9.1% where students within secondary schools where only 7.4% had a disability. Out of the 71,000 students attending school with a disability, 64.7% have been known to have a severe or core-activated limitation.
The types of special needs vary in severity, and a student with a special need is classified as being a severe case when the student's IQ is between 20 and 35. [1] These students typically need assistance in school, and have different services provided for them to succeed in a different setting. [2] [3]
Because the law does not clearly state to what degree the least restrictive environment is, courts have had to interpret the LRE principle. In a landmark case interpreting IDEA's predecessor statute (EHA), Daniel R.R. v. State Board of Education (1989), it was determined that students with disabilities have a right to be included in both academic and extracurricular programs of general education.
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