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  2. Fluid and crystallized intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized...

    Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems and is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem-solving, and learning. [4] Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational ...

  3. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  4. Intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence

    Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals. [5] Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial. [6] [7] [8] Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.

  5. Natural language understanding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understanding

    Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) [1] is a subset of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. NLU has been considered an AI-hard problem. [2]

  6. Verbal intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_intelligence

    Verbal intelligence is the ability to understand and reason using concepts framed in words. More broadly, it is linked to problem solving , abstract reasoning , [ 1 ] and working memory . Verbal intelligence is one of the most g -loaded abilities.

  7. Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

    Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]

  8. Human intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence

    Human intelligence is the intellectual capability of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.Using their intelligence, humans are able to learn, form concepts, understand, and apply logic and reason.

  9. Knowledge representation and reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation...

    Many of the early approaches to knowledge represention in Artificial Intelligence (AI) used graph representations and semantic networks, similar to knowledge graphs today. In such approaches, problem solving was a form of graph traversal [2] or path-finding, as in the A* search algorithm. Typical applications included robot plan-formation and ...