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A small proportion of humans show partial or apparently complete innate resistance to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. [1] The main mechanism is a mutation of the gene encoding CCR5, which acts as a co-receptor for HIV. It is estimated that the proportion of people with some form of resistance to HIV is under 10%. [2]
Estimates based on genetic recombination and mutation rates place the age of the allele between 1000 and 2000 years. This discrepancy is a signature of positive selection. It is estimated that HIV-1 entered the human population in Africa in the early 1900s, [56] but symptomatic infections were not reported until the 1980s. The HIV-1 epidemic is ...
HIV drug resistance occurs when microevolution causes virions to become tolerant to antiretroviral treatments (ART). ART can be used to successfully manage HIV infection, but a number of factors can contribute to the virus mutating and becoming resistant.
It is an established fact that C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is a protein essential for HIV infection of the white blood cells by acting as co-receptor to HIV. Mutation in the gene CCR5 (called CCR5Δ32 because the mutation is specifically a deletion of 32 base pairs in human chromosome 3) renders resistance to HIV.
Resistance ranged from 3.9% to 8.6% and reached 19.6% among people who have received and transitioned to a dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen to combat high HIV viral loads.
The donor was chosen not only for genetic compatibility but also for being homozygous for a CCR5-Δ32 mutation that confers resistance to HIV infection. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] After 20 months without antiretroviral drug treatment, it was reported that HIV levels in Brown's blood, bone marrow , and bowel were below the limit of detection. [ 33 ]
HIV's ability to mutate quickly has confounded efforts to create a vaccine ever since it was first identified in 1983. ... had been working with genetic sequences from two South African patients ...
These coreceptors are so important that some people with homogeneous genetic mutations in their CCR5 actually have resistance or immunity to HIV, since HIV can’t attach and get into the cell. In fact, even heterozygous mutations which lead to fewer co-receptors on the cells, can make it harder for the virus to spread, and results in a slower ...
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