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Critiques and evaluations of the MMRS or BMMRS have appeared in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, [3] Research on Aging, [4] [5] the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, [6] the International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, [7] [8] Journal of Religion and Health, [9] [10] Research in the Social Scientific Study of ...
The challenge for the psychology of religion is essentially threefold: to provide a thoroughgoing description of the objects of investigation, whether they be shared religious content (e.g., a tradition's ritual observances) or individual experiences, attitudes, or conduct;
Other fields of study that are related to transpersonal psychology, include near-death studies and parapsychology. A few commentators [ 3 ] [ 22 ] [ 35 ] have suggested that there is a difference between transpersonal psychology and a broader category of transpersonal theories, sometimes called transpersonal studies.
The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other. [1] [2] [3] [note 1] Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man", [note 2] oriented at "the image of God" [4] [5] as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.
A religious experience (sometimes known as a spiritual experience, sacred experience, mystical experience) is a subjective experience which is interpreted within a religious framework. [1] The concept originated in the 19th century, as a defense against the growing rationalism of Western society. [2] William James popularised the concept. [2]
[4] [5] [7] Both terms are multi-faceted and are typically measured along similar dimensions. [1] Common dimensions of spirituality/religion as defined by the National Institute of Healthcare Research and NIA/Fetzer Institute are as follows: [1] [4] [5] Preference or affiliation: membership in a specific religious or spiritual group
They believed that humans could elevate themselves above their animal instincts, attain a higher consciousness, and partake in this spiritual world. [ 15 ] Higher self is a term associated with multiple belief systems, but its basic premise describes an eternal, omniscient, conscious, and intelligent being , who is one's real self .
Religious cosmology is an explanation of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe from a religious perspective. This may include beliefs on origin in the form of a creation myth , subsequent evolution, current organizational form and nature, and eventual fate or destiny.