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Forest ecology – studies the patterns and processes of a forest ecosystem; Forest hydrology – embodies the effects of changes in forest land use on the movement, distribution, and quality of water in the ecosystem; Forest pathology – study of diseases of woody plants, and of the interactions between trees and pathogens, pests, and other ...
Forest pathology is the research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors. [6] [7] It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology. Forest pathology is part of the broader approach of forest protection.
Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew trees in the past, will grow trees in the future, [20] or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type.
Major stands of southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest. The southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest consists of several stands covering a combined area of between 60,000 and 70,000 acres (24,000 and 28,000 ha), [2] [6] although less conservative estimates have placed the forest's coverage at around 90,000 acres (36,000 ha). [7]
An evergreen forest is a forest made up of evergreen trees. They occur across a wide range of climatic zones, and include trees such as conifers and holly in cold climates, eucalyptus , live oak , acacias , magnolia , and banksia in more temperate zones, and rainforest trees in tropical zones.
In these forests, winter is a time of dormancy for plants, [8] when broadleaf deciduous trees conserve energy and prevent water loss, and many animal species hibernate or migrate. [1] Preceding winter is fruit-bearing autumn, a time when leaves change color to various shades of red, yellow, and orange as chlorophyll breakdown gives rise to ...
A "natural bonsai" in the Mount Hamiguitan National Park in the Philippines, a UNESCO World Heritage Site An elfin forest in Sumatra's Gunung Leuser National Park. Dwarf forest, elfin forest, or pygmy forest is an uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and lizards.
Ponderosa pine forest is a plant association and plant community dominated by ponderosa pine and found in western North America. It is found from the British Columbia to Durango, Mexico . [ 1 ] In the south and east, ponderosa pine forest is the climax forest , while in the more northern part of its range, it can transition to Douglas-fir or ...