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The Society of American Indians (1911–1923) was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians. [1] The Society pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism , the movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation.
A renewal of Indian activism since the 1960s saw the rise of a new generation of leaders. Public protests created publicity for their cause, such as the occupation of Alcatraz and Mount Rushmore, the Wounded Knee Incident, and other examples of American Indians uniting to change their relationship with the United States government.
Once their territories were incorporated into the United States, surviving Native Americans were denied equality before the law and often treated as wards of the state. [35] Many Native Americans were moved to reservations—constituting 4% of U.S. territory. In a number of cases, treaties signed with Native Americans were violated.
The first modern Native pan-tribal organization, the Society of American Indians, formed in 1911 by young boarding school graduates, put citizenship at the top of its agenda. This was followed by ...
Indian termination describes United States policies relating to Native Americans from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. [1] It was shaped by a series of laws and practices with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society.
Whether a tribe actually had a decision-making structure capable of making a treaty was a controversial issue. The national policy was for the Indians to join American society and become "civilized", which meant no more wars with neighboring tribes or raids on white settlers or travelers, and a shift from hunting to farming and ranching.
Native American civil rights are the civil rights of Native Americans in the United States.Native Americans are citizens of their respective Native nations as well as of the United States, and those nations are characterized under United States law as "domestic dependent nations", a special relationship that creates a tension between rights retained via tribal sovereignty and rights that ...
Native Americans in New Mexico — home to 22 federally recognized tribal communities and holdings of an Oklahoma-based tribe — were among the last to gain access to voting, decades after the U ...