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Shingles risk can be reduced in children by the chickenpox vaccine if the vaccine is administered before the individual gets chickenpox. [56] If primary infection has already occurred, there are shingles vaccines that reduce the risk of developing shingles or developing severe shingles if the disease occurs.
Shingles vaccination is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with two vaccines approved for use in people over age 50. [3] The zoster vaccine Shingrix provides around 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia, and has been used in many countries since 2017.
Treatment is generally with antiviral pills such as acyclovir. Steroid eye drops and drops to dilate the pupil may also be used. The herpes zoster vaccine is recommended for prevention in those over the age of 50. [2] HZO is the second most common manifestation of shingles, the first being involvement of skin of the thorax.
A sleeve lobectomy is a lobectomy that is coupled with the removal of a part of the main bronchus. The ends of the bronchus are then rejoined to reattach any remaining lung lobes. [27] This procedure is performed in lieu of pneumonectomy when surgeons determine the removal of the entire lung to be unnecessary for centrally located tumours. [22]
A lobectomy of the lung is performed in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. [2] [3] It is not performed on patients that have lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Tumor size, type, and location are major factors as to whether a lobectomy is performed. This can be due to cancer or smoking.
Post lobectomy air leak is a significant clinical problem, [5] and patients undergoing pulmonary resections often present with postoperative air leaks. [6] Other risk factors include infections, reactions to anesthesia, bleeding, pneumothorax and bronchopleural fistula . [ 7 ]
Anatomic lung resection, i.e. pulmonary lobectomy or pneumonectomy, in conjunction with removal of the lymph nodes from the mediastinum is the treatment modality that provides the greatest chance of long-term survival in patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer.
Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) is the complete or partial removal of the anterior portion of the temporal lobe of the brain. The exact boundaries for removal can vary slightly in practice and between neurosurgeons. [ 1 ]