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Thyroid diseases are highly prevalent worldwide, [10] [11] [12] and treatment varies based on the disorder. Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for people with hypothyroidism, [13] while people with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease can be managed with iodine therapy, antithyroid medication, or surgical removal of the thyroid ...
Subclinical hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, low birth weight, miscarriage and preterm birth. [50] Propylthiouracil is the preferred treatment of hyperthyroidism (both overt and subclinical) in the first trimester of pregnancy as it is associated with less birth defects than methimazole. [50]
A major expected side-effect of radioiodine in people with Graves' disease is the development of lifelong hypothyroidism, requiring daily treatment with thyroid hormone. On occasion, some people may require more than one radioactive treatment, depending on the type of disease present, the size of the thyroid, and the initial dose administered.
Treatment with antithyroid medications must be administered for six months to two years to be effective. Even then, upon cessation of the drugs, the hyperthyroid state may recur. The risk of recurrence is about 40–50%, and lifelong treatment with antithyroid drugs carries some side effects such as agranulocytosis and liver disease. [27]
Thiamazole, also known as methimazole, is a medication used to treat hyperthyroidism. [2] This includes Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and thyrotoxic crisis. [2] It is taken by mouth. [2] Full effects may take a few weeks to occur. [3] Common side effects include itchiness, hair loss, nausea, muscle pain, swelling, and abdominal ...
Hypothyroidism is common in pregnancy with an estimated prevalence of 2-3% and 0.3-0.5% for subclinical and overt hypothyroidism respectively. [8] Endemic iodine deficiency accounts for most hypothyroidism in pregnant women worldwide while chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient parts of the world.
Side effects are suspected and the drug is sometimes discontinued if the patient complains of recurrent episodes of sore throat. Another life-threatening side effect is sudden, severe, fulminant liver failure resulting in death or the need for a liver transplantation, which occurs in up to 1 in 10,000 people taking propylthiouracil.
This is a form of targeted therapy for hyperthyroidism. Since even low levels of ionizing radiation are highly mutagenic and can cause cancer, [16] less toxic iodine isotopes such as iodine-123 [17] are more commonly used in nuclear imaging, while iodine-131 is used for its cytolytic (cell-destroying) effects in hyperthyroidism and thyroid ...